The History of the Hand Grenade

A grenade is a small explosive, chemical, or gas bomb. It is used at short range, thrown by hand or launched with a grenade launcher. The resulting powerful explosion causes shockwaves and disperses high-speed fragments of the metal, which provoke shrapnel wounds. The word grenade comes from the French word for pomegranate. because the early grenades looked like pomegranates. Origins The earliest recorded grenades were from the 8th century CE, Byzantine period incendiary weapons known as the Greek Fire. Enhancements over the next few centuries spread the technology through the Islamic world and into the Far East. Early Chinese grenades featured a metal casing and a gunpowder filling. Fusese were waxed candle sticks. Grenades first came into widespread military use in Europe in the 16th century. The first grenades were hollow iron balls filled with gunpowder and ignited by a slow burning fuse rolled in dampened gunpowder and dried. This standard design weighed between 2.5 and six pounds each. During the 17th  century, armies began to form specialized divisions of soldiers trained to throw grenades. These specialists were called grenadiers, and for a time were regarded as elite fighters; by the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1815), elite grenadiers left the grenade throwing to fighting direct sieges. By the 19th century, with the increased improvement of firearms, grenades popularity decreased and largely fell out of use. They were first used extensively again during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The hand grenades of World War I can be described as empty cans filled with gunpowder and stones, with a primitive fuse. The Australians used the tin cans from jam and their early grenades were nicknamed Jam Bombs. Mills Bomb The first safe (for the person throwing it) grenade was the Mills bomb, invented by English engineer and designer William Mills in 1915. Mills bomb incorporated some design elements of a Belgian self-igniting grenade, however, he added safety enhancements and upgraded its deadly efficiency. These changes revolutionized trench-war combat. Britain manufactured millions of Mills bombs pins during the course of World War I, popularizing the explosive device that remains one of the most iconic weapons of the 20th  century. Other Types Two other important grenade designs that emerged from the first war are the German stick grenade, a narrow explosive with sometimes troublesome pull chord that was prone to accidental detonation, and the Mk II â€Å"pineapple† grenade, designed for the U.S. military in 1918. Sources and Further Information Carman, W.Y. A History of Firearms: From Earliest Times to 1914. London: Routledge, 2016.Chase, Kenneth Warren. Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.OLeary, Thomas A. Hand Grenade. Patent US2080896A. U.S. Patent Office, May 18, 1937.  Rottman, Gordon L. The Hand Grenade. New York: Bloomsbury, 2015.

The Economic And Political Problems Of The 60s And 70

The economic and political problems of the 60’s and 70’s have left a huge influence on the ideas and actions of politicians today. From stagflation to the Vietnam War many politicians use these past issues to justify their policies of today. One of the most influential economists who emerged in the sixties was Milton Friedman, who fought against the establishment’s Keynesian view and many of the policies of FDR. He won a Nobel Prize in 1976 for his work in monetary policy with specific beliefs in controlling the federal debt, keeping inflation low, and ideals of a lassiez-faire market. His ideals influenced some of Regan’s policies of deregulation and tax cuts and drives most of the economic policies of the modern Republican Party. One of†¦show more content†¦Rather he said people based their expenditures on their expected income in the next years or where they expect to be. This was a huge theory that challenged much of the academic establishment at the time and began to give a light to many conservatives who felt like the policies of FDR’s new deal was strangling. In 1962 Friedman wrote arguably his most notable book â€Å"Capitlism and Freedom† which he argued for many things including freely floating exchange rates, the abolition of licensing doctors, and negative tax rates instead of welfare programs. Friedman argued for a lower tax rates and a flat tax past a certain income level to keep American efficiency at up but, unlike a most conservatives, also argued for giving money back to people below a certain income level. He felt like this was a much simpler approach to the problem and felt like welfare programs were all too complex and inefficient. His book famously also argued that inflation rate being higher would also lead to higher unemployment rate and that national debt was tied to the inflation rate. In 1970’s in a giant rise in stagflation due to a poor economy and opec raising its prices, Fr iedman looked like a genius and landed himself a spot on the Nixon advisory team. Although there were still economists who doubted Friedman’s theories as in Canada their national debt

Prevalence of Melanoma in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Melanoma. Answer: Introduction This scholarly paper will discuss melanoma which is a dangerous form of cancer. The prevalence of melanoma is high in some countries such as Australia and the U.S. and can be managed with several treatments. Surgical excision and radiotherapy are the forms of treatments that will be addressed in this paper. Melanoma Melanoma is a deadly but treatable type of cancer if detected and treated at an early stage. This form of cancer occurs from melanocytes (skin cells). The clinical manifestation of melanoma is the development of a mole (Bristow, Berker, Acland, Turner, Bowling, 2010). A mole can develop in any part of the body. However, in men, it tends to develop in the back while in women it tends to occur in the legs. Most melanomas are caused by exposure to UV light (Goodson Grossman, 2009). The development of melanoma is uncommon before puberty. The incidences of melanoma rise as a person approach 15 years and peaks at about 30 years (Bristow, Berker, Acland, Turner, Bowling, 2010). In most cases, it is not possible to detect melanoma at the early stages. Prevalence of melanoma in Australia In 2007, 10342 cases of melanoma were detected in Australia. 1279 people died from melanoma in the same year. This population comprised of 864 males and 415 females. From 1968 and 2007, about 29,825 individuals died from melanoma. The high prevalence of melanoma in Australia is attributed to the exposure to UV light. The most common kinds of melanomas in Australia are acral and nodular (Sneyd Cox, 2013). Due to the geographical location of Australia, the incidences of melanoma might continue to increase. Prevalence of Melanoma in the United States One study revealed that there were 76,690 incidences of Melanoma in 2013 (Ji, Baze, Davis, Feldman, Fleischer, 2013). Between 1992 and 2004, there were only 70,596 incidences of melanoma (Linos, Swetter, Cockburn, Colditz, Clarke, 2009). In men, the incidence of melanoma is increasing at 154.4 percent while in women the incidence is rising at 90.2 percent. Melanomas are more prevalent in whites than in Hispanics, Asians and Black Americans. 65 percent of the cases of Melanoma in America occur in persons aged 55 years and above. One in every 37 men has a chance of developing melanoma. On the other hand, one in every 56 females has the risk developing melanoma. Between 1990 and 2004, the mortality rate due to melanoma increased by 0.4 percent (Linos, Swetter, Cockburn, Colditz, Clarke, 2009). Two treatment methods Surgical excision Surgical excision is among the most effective treatments for melanoma. Once a person is diagnosed with melanoma, a wide surgical excision is required. This treatment option is supported by the fact that melanoma cells extend several millimetres or centimetres. Thus, the visible malignant melanoma is not usually the actual tumour. Surgical excision aims to control local recurrence (Mun, 2012). Excision is conducted based on the available clinical trials for primary tumours. Empirical studies suggest that wide excision is linked with minimized chances of local recurrence. The existing evidence suggests that there are no thin melanomas and minimal excision might not improve the condition of the patient (Lens, Nathan, Bataille, 2007). Most surgeons advocate for excisions of 0.5 cm to manage melanoma. Depending on the size of the melanoma, an excision of 1.0 cm might be proposed (Mun, 2012). Amputation may also be done based on the anatomical location. Even though providers debate on the depth of the excision, it should reach the muscle fascia. Radiotherapy Although melanoma is thought to be a radioresistant tumour, radiotherapy has been found to yield success. This therapy is beneficial for symptomatic metastases. Individuals with CNS metastases have higher chances of getting success from radiation therapy. Radiation therapy results in success in patients with CNS metastases because systemic therapies fail to penetrate into the CNS (Bhatia, Tykodi, Thompson, 2009). Radiation therapy is also used if excision is thought to have low success. Radiotherapy has been used for radiosurgery for melanoma brain metastases, plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma, intensity modulated radiotherapy for melanoma of the head and neck (Khan, Khan, Almasan, Macklis, 2011).In the future, radiotherapy will be used more for high-risk patients. Conclusion As discussed in this paper, melanoma is a form of cancer which is rare before puberty, but causes significant disease burden. The incidences of melanoma are increasing in the U.S. and Australia due to exposure to UV light. Despite its severity, melanoma can be treated through excision and radiotherapy if detected early. References Bhatia, S., Tykodi, S. S., Thompson, J. A. (2009). Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma: An Overview. Oncology (Williston Park) , 23 (6), 488-496. Bristow, I. R., Berker, D. A., Acland, K. M., Turner, R. J., Bowling, J. (2010). Clinical guidelines for the recognition of melanoma of the foot and nail unit. Journal of foot and ankle research , 3 (1), 25. Goodson, A. G., Grossman, D. (2009). Strategies for early melanoma detection: approaches to the patient with nevi. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology , 60 (5), 719-735. Ji, A. L., Baze, M. R., Davis, S. A., Feldman, S. R., Fleischer, A. B. (2013). Ambulatory Melanoma Care Patterns in the United States. Journal of skin cancer , 689261. Khan, M. K., Khan, N., Almasan, A., Macklis, R. (2011). Future of radiation therapy for malignant melanoma in an era of newer, more effective biological agents. OncoTargets and therapy , 4, 137-148. Lens, M. B., Nathan, P., Bataille, V. (2007). Excision margins for primary cutaneous melanoma: updated pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Surgery , 142 (9), 885-891. Linos, E., Swetter, S. M., Cockburn, M. G., Colditz, G. A., Clarke, C. A. (2009). Increasing burden of melanoma in the United States. Journal of Investigative Dermatology , 129 (7), 1666-1674. Mun, G.-H. (2012). Management of Malignant Melanoma. Archives of plastic surgery , 39 (5), 565-574. Sneyd, M. J., Cox, B. (2013). A comparison of trends in melanoma mortality in New Zealand and Australia: the two countries with the highest melanoma incidence and mortality in the world. BMC cancer , 13 (1), 372.

William Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet has been one of the most controversial works of all time Essay Example For Students

William Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet has been one of the most controversial works of all time Essay William Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet has been one of the most controversial works of all time. There have been so many criticisms on this book and opinions on what the main theme behind the play is. Many themes have been proposed such as revenge, sex, reality and jealousy. I myself believe that there is no one theme behind Hamlet and it is a complex with work with many complex ideas behind it. I didnt realize this until I read the criticisms and saw how things I interpreted so plainly was interpreted many different ways by others who had read the play. Gatorades sexuality, which is uncontrolled and powerful, is a major aspect of the play. We will write a custom essay on William Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet has been one of the most controversial works of all time specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hamlet can not have Gertrude and this leads Hamlet to have powerful and uncontrollable feelings of maternal malevolence. It is him mothers quick remarriage to Claudius that galls Hamlet the most Bradly, 40 Frailty thy name is woman à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A little month, or ere those shoes were old With which she followed my poor fathers body Like Niobe, all tears, why she, even she à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason Would have mourned longer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"married with my uncle, My fathers brother, but no more like my father Than I to hercules. Within a month, Ere yet the salt of most unrightous tears Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets. It is not, nor it cannot come to good. But break my heart, for I must hold my tongue. I personally think that that live has more to do with Hamlets anger with his mother for marrying so soon than with his jealousy and his own love for his mother. I had also interpreted it as saying that his mothers tears were false, or she would have mourned much longer, and not married his fathers brother. It is a generally accepted view nowadays that Gertrude must have felt a tremendous attachment to Claudious. Rose, 61 Nor sense to ecstasy was ever so thralled But it reseved some quatity of choice To serve in such a difference I took that to mean the opposite of what the critic was saying, that Gertrude was never really in love with Claudius. Hamlet does it not, Hamlet denies it. Who does it then? His madness. Ift be so, Hamlet is of the faction that is wronged. For Hamlets madness was but the reflection of the villa which he found himself surrounded, of which Claudious was the most prolific source. Kitto, 87 Although most people do believe that Hamlet was crazy, I do not agree. I could understand the feeling that he felt going through the play and although he did some strange things, people do when under that type of stress. As you can see, certain statements in this play can be interpreted in many different ways. I have found reading over criticisms very interesting and it helped me see a whole new side and perspective of Hamlet and his motives. I hope that I have provided a good overview to the criticisms on Hamlet and provided some of my own views on the play.